Adoption of organic farming remains low in highly productive agricultural regions, despite its potential to reduce environmental impacts. We developed an interdisciplinary conceptual framework linking ecological, agronomic, and socio-economic constraints to organic conversion and reviewed evidence for each. Our analysis shows that certification requirements—especially the need for alternative nutrient sources without livestock—are the primary constraint, creating downstream agronomic and socio-economic challenges. Solutions include ecological intensification, diversified crop rotations, stronger advisory services, and better-targeted policy incentives. Addressing these interconnected barriers requires coordinated policy, improved extension support, and transdisciplinary research that better connects scientific knowledge with farmers’ practical needs.